Their authors are all biased.

Stephen, May 2020, “Why the Economic Aspects of Healthcare are not Unique,” NIH, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7328842/

Many authors who want to claim the healthcare market is different from markets for other goods are also those who advocate governmental intervention in the market. It is no coincidence that they strongly wish to point out healthcare’s differences because they believe it provides them with some basis for advocating for government’s involvement. As DiLorenzo explains, “having ‘proven’ that markets ‘fail,’ the analyst then proposes government intervention under the assumption that no such failures will infect government”. This point betrays their economic ideology, if not their political one, because if they were free market advocates, they would not be calling for government intervention in the first place and secondly, they would be proposing ways that the free market could prevent and correct market failure. Instead, they point to the supposed failings of the market to deliver efficiency, using these as a pretence for government intervention while completely ignoring government’s failings. This line of thinking is deceitful, or at the very least demonstrative of an unsophisticated understanding of market operations. It is a further illustration of the fallacy of the Nirvana perspective that Demsetz referred to. This is not just a Western capitalist viewpoint. The principles of Islamic economics, based on the teachings of the Qur’ān and the Sunnah literature recording the traditional social and legal customs and practices of the Islamic community, promote a free market without regard to the type of good or service being offered. This practice assumes that such items are allowed (halāl) for a Muslim to consume. The Qur’ān contains verses which specifically allow and encourage trade and uphold the right to private property. Islam approves of using the market mechanism rather than government intervention to set prices and handle the distribution of goods. This approval is demonstrated by the example of the Prophet Muhammad who refused to fix the price of goods when people asked him to do so. Nevertheless, this article is not about whether a free market or government intervention approach is desirable but rather about the validity of the arguments of those who claim the healthcare market is essentially different from other markets.