Carbon taxes fail – they don’t solve other carbon compounds that have a more magnified warming effect and cause price hikes and economic disruptions
Islam 22 [Roumeen Islam is Economic Advisor for the Infrastructure Global Practice, which covers digital development, energy and extractives, transport and logistics, and disruptive technologies. She has worked in countries in multiple regions, the most recent being the Europe and Central Asia Region. She also served as lead economist in the Development Research Group, in the office of the Chief Economist., 1-19-2022, "What a carbon tax can do and why it cannot do it all," World Bank Blogs, https://blogs.worldbank.org/energy/what-carbon-tax-can-do-and-why-it-cannot-do-it-all#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20a%20carbon%20tax,their%20consumption%20basket%20more%20expensive.]//gbs-aarz
Letting market prices of fossil fuels rise immediately to reflect social costs may not be desirable for other reasons too. The carbon tax on fuel aims to restructure economies by raising the cost of a critical resource- the juice that makes them run. But restructuring takes time as people, capital and other resources do not flow seamlessly into new sectors. During the transition, resources can be unemployed for long periods, and the larger the immediate price increase, the larger the potential disruption in the short term.
Some of the resources used in other sectors will flow into the renewable energy and supporting sectors where both investment and jobs will increase. Yet, this too, will not automatically and immediately make up for disinvestment in fossil fuels, as is already evident. Supply- demand mismatches will happen in the short run. Add to this substantial uncertainty regarding several economic variables, such as the size of fuel reserves, the size of stranded assets, the harshness of winter, the future direction of climate policy, the pace of innovation in the renewables sector, or demand risk, and it is clear how economic disruption may be magnified.
“The carbon tax on fuel aims to restructure economies by raising the cost of a critical resource- the juice that makes them run. But restructuring takes time as people, capital and other resources do not flow seamlessly into new sectors.”
Another issue with carbon taxes is that they target carbon dioxide emitted from fossil fuels. They do not directly target other carbon compounds, such as methane, which has a short atmospheric lifetime but a large warming potential. Carbon emissions from agriculture/livestock, deforestation, waste management, or poor land use, are hard to assess and monitor and these are generally not taxed directly. Alternative, non-tax- based policies are needed and used to limit carbon and other GHG emissions from these sources. These include altering manure and waste management, feeding or land- use practices, among others.
Thus, governments use a variety of targeted policies, and regulations, spreading the adjustment across different segments of markets, societies, and time – in effect, setting a range of implicit taxes and other fiscal incentives. For example, banning all imports of non-EV luxury vehicles, or taxing emissions from all luxury yachts- are clearly policies that aim to penalize wealthier consumers. Requiring office buildings to install energy-saving devices is another targeted regulation; raising parking fees in cities, investing in green public transport, or providing government subsidies for investments in renewable energy are others. For every target on the quantity of emissions, there is a policy package that is needed, even when there is a carbon tax, because markets are not perfect or complete, consumers may not be perfectly informed, adjustment is not costless , political sustainability is key, and distribution matters. Where the additional cost of various policies eventually falls depends on the policy package used and the characteristics of the market. But there clearly is a case for a rich policy toolbox.