Which leads to a race to the bottom.

Third, and finally, a federalist system of competitive innovation and experimentation is a two-way street: laboratories, after all, can produce "Frankensteins." The inevitable competition among states and cities, which experiment with tax cuts, subsidies, and other incentives to boost local employment by encouraging businesses to (re)locate within them, may culminate in a catastrophic "race to the bottom."104 Domestically, it may deprive local governments of critical tax reve¬nues and degrade public safety, transportation, education, and other public goods (see Chapter 2). Even arguably successful state experimentation in the form of, say, generous unemployment support, adjustment assistance, in-state tuition sub-sidies, or healthcare benefits might attract an influx of immigrants, overwhelm¬ing state resources. When states confront a problem that they cannot realistically address on their own, the case for federal action is greater. Erwin Chemerinsky points to the example of child labor. Because of lower labor costs, businesses in states that permitted child labor enjoyed a competitive advantage over businesses in states that prohibited it. The latter were therefore subject to pressure to repeal the prohibition.105 Many foreign affairs issues resemble child labor insofar as they exceed the capacity of states to act effectively and in conformity with the public good; the problems at issue therefore require federal attention. Unlike many of the local issues that fall within the rubric of traditional state functions106—such as education, crime control, zoning regulations, and public safety—foreign affairs issues ordinarily call for uniformity, not diversity, in approach.