Researchers also file outside of TTOs- not key

[Elco, Jingshu Du, Shandong University, Jannigje Gerdien Kers, Wageningen University and Research, Technovation Volume 107, ScienceDirect, “When do academics patent outside their university? An in-depth case study?,” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497221000687?via%3Dihub, 7-17-24, GDI – Tom Huynh]

*TTOs – technology transfer office

Focusing on university infrastructure, multiple researchers have looked into the effect of TTOs on patenting behavior in universities (see for a review of TTO literature ; ). TTO experience and TTO size are related to the number of patents filed and licensed by a university (; ) and these factors are sometimes also associated with the revenue generated by these patents (e.g., ; ). In general, researchers who receive support from their TTO are more likely to file a patent (). Yet, even though the presence of a TTO appears to influence university-ownership of patents (), in particular in the case of more autonomous TTOs (), it is clear that not all researchers patent via their research institute's TTOs, for multiple reasons. These reasons include unawareness of the TTO (), perceived unwillingness or ineffectiveness of the TTO to patent their finding (; ), and overt opportunism in that researchers can gain more by patenting without TTO (and university) involvement ().