Prefer the narrower, literal meaning of “enforcement,” otherwise any action be “enforcement”
Zhang 3, L.L.M (London, 2000); Master of Laws (Xiamen, PRC, 1997); PRC-qualified lawyer, member of the Chinese Bar Association and member of Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The author is now a Ph.D researcher at the Department of Law, Soas, University of London. (Xin, Winter 2003, “ARTICLE:Implementation of the WTO Agreements: Framework and Reform”, 23 NW J. Int'l L. & Bus. 383, 393. Lexis accessed online via KU libraries)
Enforcement is a mechanism to force compliance with a particular standard through informal or formal procedures of dispute settlement and decisions implementation, which "implies compulsion to obedience." 39 [[Footnote 39 begins]] See Qureshi, supra note 11, at 51-53. In this context, the term "enforcement' is used in its narrower literal meaning. Some scholars argue that this term can have a wider meaning to include non-coercive measures designed to induce adherence to norms by the state (for example, the transparency obligations). In this regard, they actually expand the meaning of "enforcement' to cover all means of implementation. [[Footnote 39 ends]] It has the strongest sense of coercion, immediacy and particularity among four implementation mechanisms. Dispute settlement procedures constitute the core element of this mechanism, serving to adjudicate disputes between the Members, to recognize violations by the Members, and to force the offending Members to act in line with the agreed upon rules through efficient sanctions.