War impacts from disads turn the case

Existing studies suggest that the agricultural sector in many developing countries is particularly vulnerable to armed conflict because violence undermines food production and accessibility. Armed conflict reduces farmers ability to uphold their economic activity, because the risk of violence leads farmers toward lower-return activities (Rockmore, 2020, d’Hôtel et al., 2023, Fadare et al., 2022). Armed conflict also affects agricultural production due to theft and destruction of land and livestock, as well as reduced access to land, labor, and credit (Blattman and Miguel, 2010, Nillesen, 2007, Verpoorten, 2009). To illustrate with some examples, Adelaja and George (2019) found that Boko Haram attacks in Nigeria significantly reduced agricultural productivity, primarily by reducing output of staple crops. The attacks also seem to have reduced hired labor on farms and agricultural wages. Also, Baumann et al. (2014) reported high farmland abandonment in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1991–1994. Investigating agricultural activity in IS-seized areas in Iraq and Syria, Eklund et al. (2017) identified multiple trajectories of changes in cropland cultivation, including expansion of cropland to formerly uncultivated areas, cropland abandonment, and a reduction of high- intensity cropland. In addition, focusing on agricultural activity in post-conflict Cambodia, Lin (2022) found that unexploded bombs on fertile land leads to short-term adjustments in agricultural methods, contributing to long-term underdevelopment and poverty.