SDOs are national, regional, and international. The aff only affects the first category.

Cameron F. Kerry, “Small yards, big tents: How to build cooperation on critical international standards,” Brookings Institute, 03-11-2024, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/small-yards-big-tents-how-to-build-cooperation-on-critical-international-standards/

The system that develops these international standards involves a wide variety of standards bodies and their stakeholders. Leading international SDOs involved in AI standards development (described in Table 1 below) are the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); the International Telecommunications Union, a United Nations body; and the IEEE Standards Association (a unit of the Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers ) (IEEE). In 2018, the ISO and IEC joint technical committee on information technology established a subcommittee (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42) to promulgate standards on artificial intelligence with a view toward accelerating responsible adoption across applications and sectors.13 JTC 1/SC 42 has organized working groups and joint working groups with other ISO/IEC subcommittees; issued at least 17 technical specifications and reports relating to AI, including concepts and terminology, bias, risk management, trustworthiness, and assessment;14 and it convened an open biannual workshop series to engage stakeholders across industry, academia, government, and civil society.15 The ITU has “pre-standardization focus groups” on AI for several sectoral applications of AI16 and an annual AI for Good Global Summit.17 The IEEE was an early actor on AI ethics and has engaged actively in AI standardization;18 it has developed a series of standards and resources addressing what it refers to as autonomous and intelligent systems.19 Among current standards, as Hans Micklitz puts it, “ISO/IEC and IEEE on trustworthy AI already firmly occupy in the field.

In addition to these broad umbrella groups for standards at the international and national levels, there are many sector-based SDOs at these levels. The American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM International) is a prominent example, originating in materials and manufacturing standards; it develops AI-related standards for connected consumer products and various automated systems.22 There are emerging consortia that parallel standards development on specific aspects of AI: the Frontier Model Forum23 through which model developers are exploring best practices for implementing voluntary commitments made to the White House on development of future models, and the Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity, a group of content and technology providers working on technical standards to authenticate media content.24