Security and privacy.

Many physical devices, such as the IoT, are first vulnerable to attacks on the hardware because the device can be placed in an open space for long periods of time without supervision. Typical security counter measurements are data encryption, tag frequency modification, tag destruction policy, use of blocker tags, etc. Location-based services are also exposed to device capture attack, which means after capturing the device, the attacker can extract cryptographic implementations and therefore have unlimited access to data stored in the device. Data can also be attacked when transferring from the device to the gateway, where the data is then uploaded to other infrastructures, like the cloud. The cloud servers are vulnerable to data tampering, which can unauthorizedly interfere the automated operations in the farm. Means such as session hijacking, logon abuse and denial of service (DoS) can also interfere cloud infrastructures. The corresponding security policies include cryptographic algorithms, data flow control policies, identity authentication mechanisms etc. Therefore, security issues are causing serious problems and should be addressed in different levels [14]+[17]