AI is key for military growth.

As for the expectations concerning AI in military application over the next decade, some of its techniques will define or re-define key advanced military technologies. AI solutions will be first of all intelligent, exploiting integration of AI knowledge-focused analytic capabilities. Then the AI solutions will be interconnected to utilize the network of virtual and physical domains, including sensors, organizations, individuals and autonomous agents, also exploiting the advantage of blockchain technology for data integrity. They will be distributed to utilize decentralized and ubiquitous largescale sensor networks, storage, and computation. And last but not least, they will be digitally intermingling human, physical and information domains to support novel disruptive effects (NATO Science & Technology Organization, 2020).

“The Pentagon is figuring ways to harness artificial intelligence (AI) for advantages as far-flung as battlespace autonomy, intelligence analysis, record tracking, predictive maintenance and military medicine. AI is a key growth investment area for DoD, with nearly $1 billion allocated in the 2020 budget. The Defense Department’s Joint Artificial

Intelligence Center (JAIC) will see its budget double to over $ 208 million, with significant increases likely in 2021 and beyond ... The military is currently seeking to integrate AI into weapon systems development, augment human operators with AI-driven robotic maneuver on the battlefield and enhance the precision of military fires” (DoD Growth in Artificial Intelligence: The Frontline of a New Age in Defense, 2019). AI already has deep impacts on nuclear armament, cyber and information warfare, materials and bio-technologies, aerospace, and considered that these effects will have the similar result on global world order that the appearance of nuclear weapons created. The AI systems are also expected to bring about an adversarial AI arms-race.

Machine learning uses mathematical algorithms and formulas to extract patterns from masses of data. However, if an adversary can see enough of the inputs and the outputs of our AI system, they can deduce what algorithms are operating, just as reverse engineering works. The whole game may be turning into a battle between adversarial groups of mathematicians, similarly to the codebreaking competition struggle of World War II and the Cold War (Artificial Intelligence the Frontline of a New Age in Defense, n.d.). Let’s examine some specific AI military applications in important domains where the revolutionary effects are expected and can already be perceived in leading military powers. In case of C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance), the combatting units use trusted AI-enabled autonomous systems that are capable of carrying out tasks that are deemed “dull, dirty, dangerous or dear” and provide AI-enabled decision support to warscenarios and AI-recommended courses of action (COA). AI supported data fusion, categorization and targeting provide intelligence analysts higher capability of TCPED (tasking, collecting, processing, exploiting, disseminating) and retrieving information. AI integration into C4ISR process results better indications and warning, information and knowledge management tools, resulting more reliable intelligence analyses.