‘Domestic’ IPR can only be enforced through the PTO or Copyright Office. Any other remedy, like the ITC or CBP, is ‘international.’
Purdy & Bailey ’23 [Purdy & Bailey, LLP; December 12; IP litigation firm; “Understanding Intellectual Property Rights for Businesses,” https://www.purdybailey.com/blog/2023/december/understanding-intellectual-property-rights-for-b/]
IPR is backed by both national and international laws. In the United States, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the U.S. Copyright Office register and enforce these rights. Internationally, organizations like the World Intellectual Property Organization work to harmonize and enforce IP laws across different countries.
Infringing on intellectual property rights is a serious offense with severe legal consequences. Civil penalties range from fines to damages. In extreme cases, IP infringement can lead to criminal charges in severe cases.