No---agencies are perceived as presidential action---especially over warming---empirics.

Administrative agencies are strikingly absent from leading accounts of contemporary polarization. 3 The focus instead is on Congress, the President, and voters. 4 To the extent agencies appear, they surface largely as acted-upon entities who bear the fallout from the congressional–presidential confrontations that polarization fuels. Scholars emphasize how congressional polarization has held up appointments of top agency officials, 5 created budget uncertainty for agencies, 6 and subjected them to increased investigations. 7 Agencies play a somewhat more active role in accounts of presidential unilateralism, but here, too, they feature primarily as tools of the President rather than as policy initiators in their own right. 8 Hence, the ongoing rulemaking by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on power plant emissions is portrayed and attacked as President Barack Obama’s climate change plan, 9 while the recent immigration enforcement initiatives promulgated by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) are commonly referred to as President Obama’s immigration executive actions—including by the White House—despite being embodied in memoranda issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security, Jeh Johnson. 10