It’s best for certainty---that’s Xiang.

foreign technology spillovers in low- and middle-income countries (Xu and Chiang, 2005). Not only is internal legislation important for patent decisions but international treaties can also further stimulate innovation activities and disseminate innovative knowledge to signatory countries by reducing the uncertainty of inventing firms. Additionally, high-tech companies can gain potential advantages in larger product markets by seeking protection in countries that participate in the protocols (Dekker et al., 2012). Multilateral technology agreements have a